Brazil exchange rates regime history and analysis from 1960 to 1975 Essay

Brazil trade rates system history and examination from 1960 to 1975 (financial aspects paper) - Essay Example This period was additionally described by import replacement procedure that was planned for improving parity of exchange, anyway the arrangement producer later understood that the modifications would be much more successfully oversaw utilizing the conversion scale framework. During the period Brazil trades become increasingly serious and there was moderate expansion in the economy and it seized to be named as a creating nation, there are different reasons that prompted the safe of the arrangement creators to change the conversion scale system. There are three kinds of trade systems and they incorporate fixed conversion scale, coast swapping scale and pegged conversion scale system, the fixed conversion scale system is what the cash of a nation has direct convertibility to another money. The buoy rates is a system that includes giving the gracefully and request access the market to decide swapping scale yet the economy can mediate so as to maintain a strategic distance from devaluation, at long last the pegged glide is where the money is pegged to some esteem which is intermittently balanced or fixed. In 1968 pol Brazil conversion scale system: In 1968 strategy creators presented a slithering peg framework which depended on regular and little alteration in the conversion standard, the incessant changes were made to connote the adjustments in swelling and costs in Brazil, this swapping scale system prompted long haul security in the Brazilian cash the genuine and thus the arrangement producers didn't discover any motivation to change the conversion standard system at that point. The pegged trade framework diminished vulnerability in return paces of the money, this is on the grounds that the people would have the information that the cash would not downgrade or revalue by a huge edge and hence future creation was made simpler with respect to creation. This framework that Brazil embraced additionally diminished theoretical assaults related with different types of trade frameworks, anyway the economy couldn't get speculative increases from this sort of swapping scale framework. During this period likewise Brazil experienced moderate swelling and costs become increasingly serious in the global market, this framework additionally permitted the nation to improve its equalization of installment and accordingly strategy producers didn't want to change the conversion standard system because of the high development experienced. During this period the approach creators accepted that the parity of exchange was best overseen through exchange arrangements, for example, levies, appropriations and import control, consequently subsequently there was expanded modern extension to embrace import replacement and this ed to dynamite development in brazil, Brazil sends out become progressively serious in the universal because of moderate expansion in the economy and Brazil seized to be named as a creating nation. Because of this system in this manner the approach producers didn't focus much on the essentialness of the trade system to oversee parity of exchange. Anyway the strategy creator later understood that the alterations would be significantly more viably oversaw utilizing the swapping scale framework. Before 1971 the US had not skimmed its cash and in light of the fact that

College Student free essay sample

Hot RB/Hip-Hop Songs outlines, which was his most well known melody up until this point. The motivation behind why I picked KID Cud is on the grounds that I can identify with a large portion of his music. I Like his smooth and smooth words and rhymes. I incline toward his music over different craftsmen out there in light of the fact that I am not a fanatic of the cheery hip-jump. With his kind of music I can unwind, close my eyes and tune in. Child Cuds music Is Influenced by a wide range of kinds. For Instance as a child growing up he tuned in to Pink Floyd and furthermore some shopping center elective hip jump groups, for example, The Pharmacy and A Tribe called Quest. Im a KID Cud fan since I like his laid back and smooth music. He is known to compose hallucinogenic music and promote the utilization of unlawful substances through a large portion of his melodies. His music is alleviating to me and ideal to unwind to. We will compose a custom article test on Undergrad or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Quest for satisfaction music video http://www. Youth. Com/watch? V=7xzU9Qqdqww Sources: http://www. Antiquities. Com/detail. PH? Old=1855 http://en. Strolled. Organization/will/SLD_Cud

The Secret Life Of Marilee Jones

The Secret Life Of Marilee Jones (Shes a rockstar by night) So Thursday night we got a preview of Marilee Joness singing voice when she sang to the students who had birthdays over Campus Preview Weekend, but the real show was during Battle of the Bands. Now this was the 4th annual BOTB, so that means its been happening ever since my CPW (Im getting old? Nah) Now I wonder which variable is responsible for the fact that we sold out Lobdell Food Court: 1. Free Ben Jerrys Ice Cream 2. Free Annas Taqueria burritos 3. Raffle of Guitar Hero An aside, if you will: Guitar Hero is one of the coolest Playstation games ever. Thats all I really wanted to say. Try it sometime. Its a good study break. Hey, he won a copy of the game, maybe you can ask him. 4. We got to rock out to the Joneses: Ben Jones and Marilee Jones. Now I dont think youd really get to have the chance to see the people who admitted you to college, rock out on stage, and then bid you farewell at the CPW desk, but here at MIT, it happens. Being able to see Tim the Beaver crowd surf and listen to Marilee on the microphone was awesome, and maybe thats the reason why they told us we couldnt sell any more tickets, but the bands were quality, and I was very impressed. Just a couple pictures from the event Ben and Marilee get psyched and ready for their performance. Nance gives Ben a supportive punch in the face. Tim the Beaver goes crowd-surfing. Marilee makes her BOTB debut. Medicated Kisses close the show. Anyhoo, Battle of the Bands was great and CPW was just that much better for it. As for those of you who attended, what did you like best? Any questions you didnt get answered? I had a fun time meeting a lot of you, and I hope to see you in the fall!

The Secret Life Of Marilee Jones

The Secret Life Of Marilee Jones (Shes a rockstar by night) So Thursday night we got a preview of Marilee Joness singing voice when she sang to the students who had birthdays over Campus Preview Weekend, but the real show was during Battle of the Bands. Now this was the 4th annual BOTB, so that means its been happening ever since my CPW (Im getting old? Nah) Now I wonder which variable is responsible for the fact that we sold out Lobdell Food Court: 1. Free Ben Jerrys Ice Cream 2. Free Annas Taqueria burritos 3. Raffle of Guitar Hero An aside, if you will: Guitar Hero is one of the coolest Playstation games ever. Thats all I really wanted to say. Try it sometime. Its a good study break. Hey, he won a copy of the game, maybe you can ask him. 4. We got to rock out to the Joneses: Ben Jones and Marilee Jones. Now I dont think youd really get to have the chance to see the people who admitted you to college, rock out on stage, and then bid you farewell at the CPW desk, but here at MIT, it happens. Being able to see Tim the Beaver crowd surf and listen to Marilee on the microphone was awesome, and maybe thats the reason why they told us we couldnt sell any more tickets, but the bands were quality, and I was very impressed. Just a couple pictures from the event Ben and Marilee get psyched and ready for their performance. Nance gives Ben a supportive punch in the face. Tim the Beaver goes crowd-surfing. Marilee makes her BOTB debut. Medicated Kisses close the show. Anyhoo, Battle of the Bands was great and CPW was just that much better for it. As for those of you who attended, what did you like best? Any questions you didnt get answered? I had a fun time meeting a lot of you, and I hope to see you in the fall!

Analysis Of The Movie Tony - 884 Words

Tony The first time I met Tony we were both makeup artists on the same film. He intrigued me from the moment I saw him. His eyes were like wolves, dark and ferocious, and yet, their color was the lightest blue. He had an air of wildness around him, like he belonged to it. Nature and Tony were one and the same. His face had lines of experience on it, a few creases around the eyes and mouth. He didn t have enough to look old, but enough to let anyone who had seen them that he had gripped life by the throat, but had not walked away unscathed. His hands were covered in fake bloodstains, and greasepaint. He was a makeup artist, and, as a matter of fact that is how we met. We were both working on a film about Jason Todd, and Batman, and Tony showed up and we all spent the night in an underground parking garage, and filmed there until three in the morning. The lines in his hand were even deeper, from the amount of callouses. His hands were hard and rough like sandpaper. His hair was i n dreadlocks, unwashed and unkempt. the dreads were this light ashy blonde, with the slightest hint of red. He bounced constantly, like a schoolboy waiting for class to be let out he seemed to be perpetually squirming . The energy he possessed made the air almost shimmer around him, like a field of extra energy. He would dance in the hallways and scream down the fields, eating pollen out of flowers, and constantly doing backflips. He could catch bees with his bare hands, andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Tony 1307 Words   |  6 PagesBryn slid into the chair opposite Tony, slapping his hand on the table. He nodded briefly to the waitress as he settled in. Tony eyed the data crystal with mixed feelings. â€Å"That’s everything I could find on Fancher and his crew,† Bryn said without equivocation. â€Å"Pretty standard stuff; Fancher is career Fleet. Commanding officer of the Rankori for 6 years, service record reads like a Fleet novel.† Bryn sipped the coffee the waitress placed in front of him, grimacing at it before adding copiousRead MoreScarface Analysis Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesScarface Analysis Essay The gangster movie genre is one of the most popular among the modern movies and some of the best film directors have produced some very excellent gangster movies. For my first film analysis, I decided to analyze my favorite gangster movie of all time. The movie that I analyzed is called â€Å"Scarface† and is directed by Brian De Palma. It was released in 1983 and is still a super hit movie today. Let me go through a short summary of the movie. The movie is focusedRead MoreMovie Analysis : Film Analysis Of Argo1132 Words   |  5 PagesFilm Analysis 2 Psychology 280 Film Analysis of Argo The 2012 movie Argo is based off of a true event in 1979. During the Iranian Civil War, President Jimmy Carter gives the Iranian Shah refuge in the U.S. due to his illness. In retaliation, Iranian activists invade the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran and the staff are taken as hostages. This is famously known as the Iranian hostage crises. Although six of the staff members escape and are taken in by the Canadian Ambassador. Determined to rescue theRead MoreEnemy of the State1303 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of Enemy of the State Enemy of the State is a classical tale of good versus evil, complete with a tortured hero and a powerful villain. The plot revolves around Washington lawyer Robert Dean (Will Smith), an average family man, who suddenly finds his life turned upside down when an old acquaintance slips a video tape that no one is supposed to ever see into his shopping bag. The tape contains footage of the murder of a United States senator by a member of the National Security AgencyRead MoreIron M Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1187 Words   |  5 Pagesin Veterans that have fought in the war, but also can consist of individuals that suffered a traumatic event. Even though this disorder is real, PTSD has been portrayed by characters in books, movies and television shows. In the movie Iron Man 3, the main character Tony Stark is a prime example of someone that is going through PTSD. In order to understand this finding, one must understands the disorder. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD, is a mental health issue that some people develop afterRead MoreA Film Analysis of Leon: The Professional1385 Words   |  6 PagesThis is a movie about a professional killer, or Cleaner, named Là ©on played by Jean Reno, and his unlikely interaction with a 12-year old girl, Mathilda played by Natalie Portman. Mathildas family is murdered by corrupt Drug Enforcement Agents (DEA) lead by Agent Stansfield played by Gary Oldman. Agent Stansfield, is portrayed as a drug addict, mentally unstable and an overtly violent and corrupt law enforcement team leader. This movie follows the relationship of the two main characters fromRead MoreThe Queen, 2006 Film Analysis992 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth or Prime Minister Tony Blair, based on the way the character is depicted in the film. Your essay should also include a brief characterization of either Prince Philip or Cherie Blair. You may use any of the elements of ‘cinematic technique’ and/or ‘theatrical elements’ in support of your portrayal of the characters, using the document ‘Film analysis’. The character I have chosen to portray from Stephen Frears movie, â€Å"The Queen†, is Queen ElizabethRead MoreThematic Analysis Of Bless Me, Ultima1447 Words   |  6 PagesThematic Analysis of Bless Me, Ultima Bless me, Ultima is a book taking place in the 1940’s during world war ll in New Mexico, it is about a young boy named Antonio who is being torn this way and that by his mother, a Luna who wants solely for her son to become a man of knowledge and a priest. His father a Marez vaquero (cowboy) who wants him to be free like all the Marez men before him. Both parents are polar opposites from each other the Luna’s who represent the moon are quite, religious farmersRead MoreWest Side Story : Race Discrimination1594 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the movie portraying a love that was forbidden between the Sharks, a Puerto Rican gang and the Jets, an Anglo-Americans gang; it also represents the discrimination, violence and economic exploitation Puerto Ricans faced when migrating to New York in the 1950’s. When West Side Story came out in 1961, it explains to the American audience why Puerto Ricans were migrating to the United States and their living conditions. The film has various themes and topics for a diverse range of analysis to beRead MoreMan on Fire: Summary and Analysis Essay644 Words   |  3 PagesBullet of Truth: A Brief Summary and Analysis of How a Bullet Never Lies Thesis Statement: In the Man on Fire Suicide Scene, Creasy proves that a bullet never lies. Summary of Man on Fire Suicide Scene: In the movie Man on Fire, criminal gangs are kidnapping children from the wealthy in Mexico City and demanding ransom money for the young ones. Because of the rise in kidnapping, John Creasy, ex counterinsurgent, is hired by a rich man to be a bodyguard for his daughter. He is sitting in

Essay on Media Effects on Body Image - 617 Words

With the tremendous effect the media has on men womens body image/self-esteem, there are things the media and those being effected can do to limit the impact. The media can change the portrayal of models in magazines, television, billboards, etc. By portraying unrealistic models, studies can conclude that it causes a negative effect on men and women leading to eating disorders, self-esteem problems, and possibly even sometimes more dramatic actions such as suicide (Groesz, Levine, and Murnen 2,4). So why always have these ultra-thin gorgeous female models and tall handsome masculine models in magazine ads, billboards ads, etc.? If the media would show people as who they really are and at weights and sizes that are attainable it†¦show more content†¦Last, more organizations such as, About-Face, fighting against negative images of women in the media could possibly help to decrease the problem. About-Face is a non-profit organization out of San Francisco. It began in Aug ust of 1995 and their purpose is to combat negative and distorted images of women in the media. They first started when an advertisement of Kate Moss for perfume was displayed and her body image was altered and adjusted and made her look skeletal. They took that same poster had Emaciation Stinks in bold printed across the top and Stop Starvation Imagery across the bottom of the poster and hung hundreds of their version all over the streets of San Francisco. This event gave many others the motivation to voice their opinions on medias negative images of women and to also get involved in organizations such as About-Face (About-Face). If more and more people learn about how much the media is effecting not only women but men and both of all ages, and get involved in more organizations that battle against this, it might not stop the media from doing what they are doing, but it could help others to follow their footsteps instead of falling into the medias negative wrath of unrealistic body imageShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Media On Body Image1484 Words   |  6 Pages Media has developed to become omnipresent in the day to day lives of the westernized societies. The media is considered a gigantic umbrella that houses a plethora of different outlets underneath it such as television, music videos, magazines, commercials, video games and social media. In this paper, the effects of media and various media types are examined to understand their potential outcomes. Focusing on how and if media affects body image in girls and women, the themes of dieting awarenessRead MoreEffects of Media on Body Image855 Words   |  3 PagesEffects of Media on Body Image Discussion This study was conducted to analyze the impact of media, mainly fashion magazines, on how women perceived the idealized body weight and shape as well as the impact of media on the decision to diet or initiate an exercise program. Twenty working class women were given questionnaires at different times. The exposure to fashion magazines was assessed by determining whether the participant was a high level frequency viewer of fashion magazines, viewing themRead MoreMedia Effects Body Image1656 Words   |  7 PagesKoenig April 6, 2014 The Effects of Mass Media on African American Women Body Images Over the past 10 years, mass media and the access to social networks has evolved substantially causing the effects of negative self-image and what is considered beautiful. Body image expectations for both African-American male and female share the battles of society’s expectations, yet African American women body images come with a stricter and more unhealthy stigma; growth of social media such as Facebook, InstagramRead MoreMedia Effects On Body Image Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesSpecific age groups and mostly women have been studied regarding media effects on body image. These studies did not test the external stimuli created by peer groups that have an impact on a person’s self-idealization. This study addressed individual age groups divided by gender in order to determine how much media effects body idealization and if gender peer group opinions impact self-idealization when viewing media models. Methods The methods used in this study incorporated individuals into groupsRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Image1424 Words   |  6 PagesMedia holds such high standards in today s society, and media as a whole has gotten so much power throughout the years. There are so many different forms of media in today s world: newspapers, magazines, televisions, the hundreds of websites on the Internet, social media applications, computers, and novels. Media advertises thousands of different things, but something that has stayed consistent over the years is advertisement on body image. Media advertises a specific body type, pushes differentRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Image1453 Words   |  6 Pagestoday that media and body image are closely related. Particularly, how the body image advertising portrays effects our own body image. It has been documented in adolescents as they are more at risk for developing unhealthy attitudes toward their bodies. They are at a time where they re focu sed on developing their individual identities, making them susceptible to social pressure and media images. A major reason many people have a negative body image is because of the impact that media has had onRead MoreEffects Of Media On Body Image1544 Words   |  7 Pages Bayer, A.M, Body image is the internal representation of one’s outer appearance which reflects physical and perpetual dimensions. For the purpose of this paper, body image can be defined as a person s perception, thoughts and feeling about her body, this can be altered by significantly altered by social experiences. This paper explores my personal experience and findings of empirical studies that examine the effects of media on body image in young women. Internalization of body ideals that areRead MoreThe Effects of Media on Body Image and Body Dissatisfaction.3566 Words   |  15 Pagesadverts in relation to body image in the media than realistic. Also, whether or not there were a higher number of unrea listic adverts in female media in relation to body image than in male media. This was carried out by looking at a number of adverts in different male and female health magazines and scoring the amount of unrealistic or realistic adverts found. The results found that there was no significant difference between the amounts of unrealistic/ realistic adverts on body image in the female magazinesRead MoreMedia s Effect On The Body Image902 Words   |  4 Pagesalready confined with how the media set unrealistic standards for the female population. This leads girls to harm their own body, including eating disorders such as bulimia, and anorexia. The most prominent cause of these acts is advertisements. Advertisements are everywhere and they have the power to promote, sell, encourage, and give unrealistic ideals of the common people. Advertisements and media images have a negative effect on the way women view their body image which leads to self-harm. EveryRead MoreThe Effect Of Media On Womens Body Image1247 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch on how the role of media affects how women perceive body image. I was interested in knowing the ways in which the media influenced the ways in which they perceive themselves and their beauty. In order to perform my research, I conducted surveys of female students ranging from ages 18-28, carried out experimental research on them to test whether they feel worse about their bodies after being exposed to thin media models than after being exposed to other types of images as well as conducting secondary

Colonial School vs Modern Era - 1506 Words

1. Colonial School vs. Modern Era The impact of schools has been ever changing. From their New England traditions, to civilizing of western settlers, and finally the requirement of educated individuals what schools and education have to do in society is constantly being molded and remolded. New models, ideas, ideals, and requirements for schools are constantly being established and have come a long way from the colonial period to the modern era. During colonial times school and education was used to â€Å"maintain the authority of the government and religion† (Spring 13) as well as to maintain social distinction and uphold morals. Unlike today, many schools in the New England colonies relied heavily upon religious and racist teachings. And†¦show more content†¦Benjamin Franklin even believed that there needed to be more white people in the world and that â€Å" ‘the principle body of white people’ should populate North America†¦[and] ‘why increase the Sons of Africa, by plant ing them in America, where we have so fair an opportunity, by excluding all Blacks and Tawnys, of increasing the lovely White?’† (Spring 25) This overwhelming feeling of superiority by the white settlers brought them to see the Native Americans as an obstacle they needed to overcome. Some of the things that they wanted to change about the Indians were their work habits, views on sexuality, family organization, and women’s power. All of these things directly contrasted to the puritan beliefs of a male dominated authoritarian modest culture. Early education of the Native Americans was completely unsuccessful with many of the teachings being simply laughed at by the Natives and forgotten. After passing an execution law for those who were not civilized and God-fearing people, schools began to be established specifically for the process of civilizing Native Americans. Eleazar Wheelock founded the Dartmouth College in 1769 (Spring 28) where Indian children wereShow Mo reRelatedThe Strong Breed Analysis779 Words   |  4 PagesSoyinka’s Traditions vs. Modernity Traditions and values are two of the fundamental principles that people are taught beginning at an early age. Tradition and Modernity both are opposite from one another. There is a never-ending debate whether or not tradition is known to be a good thing or Modernity is actually known to be a good thing. â€Å"Today, African countries are largely multinational, multi-ethnic and multi-religious colonial constructs built on European ideas of the modern state†¦ But there remainsRead MoreImpact Of Education On The American Education System1671 Words   |  7 PagesQuinn examine the racial politics of education in the six decades Post-Brown Era in their article, â€Å"The Politics of Education in the Post-Brown Era: Race, Markets, and the Struggle for Equitable Schooling†. The authors analyze market reform trends and how they are being justified by those within the school system. San Francisco and Philadelphia are the two cities being focused on and how market trends are affecting the schools and its children. Racial, Linguistic and socioeconomic segregation in publicRead MoreEssay Freedom: America’s Biggest Lie1437 Words   |  6 Pagesdrastic changes in American history and has been manipulated to deny freedom to various groups of people. Freedom is an American quality that changes according to the social conditions of the time period. From the birth of American freedom during colonial times, to the stripping of rights and e nslavement of millions of African Americans, to the cry for economic freedom in the 20th century, freedom is a multi-faceted quality that has caused ruptures in American history. Freedom was born in AmericaRead MoreEducation : The United States1654 Words   |  7 Pagesevery child in the United States, it is difficult for us modern Americans to imagine a world where public schools have not existed. Although, 150 years ago in many places throughout the country, not even elementary education was provided publicly; in fact, even by the turn of the 20th century, some young individuals still did not have entry to free public high schools. To our effort every American can get a free education and obtain a high school diploma, thanks to the efforts of our civic-minded predecessorsRead MoreHistory, Politics, And Sociology Of Education3391 Words   |  14 PagesPhilosophy, Sociology, and Anthropology, the disciplines I am looking at in this paper are: Politics, History and, Sociology. Schools as social institutions tend to exists in an certain type of society that people want to live in; meaning we legislate rules and purposes of schools in particular, and educatio n in general to realize our vision of a perfect society. This make schools by necessity, fields of struggles to serve different political purposes, these purposes are shaped by various historical eventsRead MoreThe Movement And The Civil Rights Movement Essay2597 Words   |  11 PagesKavenik 206). Although the term wasn’t popularized until the 1950’s and 60’s, it represents the ideology into the modern era. With Woman’s History being a major thread of United States history, it is important we understand the progression of women’s rights, freedoms, and feminism throughout the Colonial Era, the Woman’s Suffrage Movement, and the rise of second and third wave feminism. Colonial America had very few rights for any of their citizens, with most of them being self-governed in the early yearsRead MoreRace is Still a Factor in America Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesthat society has created during the slave era. Living in a time that there are so many crucial decisions to be made, it is important that every individual voice is heard. For that to happen equality must be practiced; what is the true definition of ‘equality’? Equality is the state of being â€Å"like or alike in quantity, degree, value, etc.† The concept of equality has been elusive for many Americans to be able to understand and accept; dating back to colonial times, where slavery obviously ruined theRead MoreHistory of Agricultural Extension3609 Words   |  15 PagesEngland to describe a particular system dedicated to the dissemination of knowledge to rural people where they lived and worked. Within a short time, the idea had spread to other parts of Britain, Europe and North America. Extension work is an out of school system of education in which adults and young people learn by doing. It is a partnership between the government, the land-grant institutions, and the people, which provides services and e ducation designed to meet the needs of the people (Kelsey andRead MoreThe History of American Education1844 Words   |  8 PagesSchools have changed remarkably since they were first introduced centuries ago. Continue reading in order to find out how the past has shaped education, as we know it. There are six main eras or time periods in which important things occurred for the American School System, The colonial era, The growth of public schooling, The progressive era, the segregation and Integration era, the 1960s-1970s, and the 1980- present era. The first era was the colonial era, because the first schools were startedRead MoreGun Rights And Issues Of The United States1558 Words   |  7 Pagesright has so much history, that taking it away would not better our nation in any way shape or form. The right to bear arms as individual right was admitted by the Supreme Court of the United States in its result in the Dred Scott vs Sandford in 1856. During the colonial times, guns and fire arms where used to protect and guard houses and from Native Americans. Without these guns the English would have stood no chance. Although people say times have changed it’s no different. People have the right

The Developing Role of Social Media in the Modern Business World

Questions: 1. Briefly identify what you consider to be the key departments/functions within businesses (this is not the main emphasis of the task, so please keep this to the minimum and save the majority of your word count for parts 2 and 3) 2. Explain the process you used to conduct this research, the key problems you encountered and the sources you considered to be most credible, and why 3. Finally, identify how you will apply what you have learned in this exercise to your future studies? Answers: Introduction A business house runs on the cooperative involvement of the various departments which works simultaneously to foster growth and cater to its consumers. Any Company is generally run by a number of departments with subordinate departments and committees. Identifying the roles and functions of each department is the main factor that leads to the success of the Business (Burrow, 2002). 1. The organizational departments of a Company can vary according to the kind of business they do. Often extra emphasis is given on particular departments than the other because of the type of product and services they offer. A Consulting firm would focus on the human resource department whereas a Retailing company would focus on sales and operation. The management function of an organization depends on the effective performance and association of the departments in meeting the goals and carrying out their responsibilities to assess the external and internal environments and strategize on those factors. Thus the most general organizational departments are stated below (Wardell.biz, 2015): Administration-this department consists of the CEO, the president, the directors and the other managers who form the board. Often the shareholders are also included in the administration process like decision making for various activities. They oversee the departmental mangers and make all major decisions regarding the strategies to be implemented or the budget to be allocated. Production Operation- the department undertakes the activities necessary to provide for the products and services. Its responsibilities are production planning and scheduling, control and supervision of the workforce, managing the quality through control and monitoring, maintenance of the plant and equipment, control of inventory and deciding the best production methods and factory layout. The department has to work closely with the R D department for measuring method and cost, with the marketing department to specialize the product attributes which will attract the customers. The Finance and HR department will also be needed to consult the expenditure and the motivation and controlling of workforce. Research Development- it is concerned with the developing of new products and improving the existing products. It also searches for new methods and scope for the marketing department to provide the customers the most efficient and effective products. Purchasing- it is concerned with acquiring goods and services for the company. It includes raw materials, components for manufacturing and production. It also extends to buying goods for the entire organization like the furniture, fixture, computer and stationeries. The department takes into account a number of factors like Quantity, quality, price and delivery when purchasing an item. Marketing Sales- it is concerned with identifying and generating customer needs and wants and also brand awareness of the product and service so that to enhance the image or increase the sales. It has an array of activities depending upon the current requirement of the company which needs to be undertaken. Marketing is managed through the marketing mix items of developing and maintain the product, price, promotion, place, people, process and physical evidence. Marketing and sales are teamed together as marketing generates sales and sales promotion is a part of marketing. Marketing department apply different strategies to meet their targets (Bosari, 2012). Human Resource- the department deals with recruiting and selecting the right people to carry out various tasks of the organization. Training and developing them, managing employee relations, dealing with the grievance and disciplinary matters as well as health and safety matters and providing motivation are few of its tasks. Nowadays it is one of the major departments which make or mar an organization (Efron, 2015). Accounting Finance- the function of this department is tracking, updating the financial records and statements. Preparing reports such as balance sheets, income and cash flow statement also falls under the scope. Preparing the accounting information and analysis to help planning and strategy formation is a very important task undertaken by the Company (Pacific Crest Group, 2013). Payroll administration also taken up by the very same department (Mayhew, 2015). Information Technology- this department concerns about the information technology and softwares that are used or integrated into the system of the business. Maintain of the IT system, updating and protecting it, running of online portals and managing the issues of Cyber crime are done by the IT department. This department mostly works with the sales and marketing and the accounting department. Hence these are the key departments whose collaboration and effective activities will lead to a Company running successfully and completing its objectives (GANEY, 2004). 2. The organizational departments are key to the proper running of a business house. Identifying the departments was not that easy as it seemed. There are a whole labyrinth of departments and sub departments in the organizations, identifying the key departments and understanding their functions and roles meant consulting a range of online articles and sites through online libraries and books. It is the roles and functions primarily which provide the guidance in identifying the departments and how they act together to deliver their services (Schlosser, 2013). Firstly a research was conducted among the peers and seniors who either works or have worked in and organization. They were asked about the various departments they have worked for directly and indirectly. This kind of research was conducted online by sending these individuals emails of survey sheets which were utilized. Sites like surveymonkey.com were used for conducting the survey. Another part of primary search was going through Google books and online journals like the African business journals to understand the organizational departments and structures that are involved in providing a functional business to the Company. The trade journals accounts the activities of the various departments of international companies and how or what changes they are implementing. Studying the journals, magazines and a number of Google books provided a lot of insight into the matter and how the departments come to formation and function together (Moss and Strauss, 2004). The secondary search was going through normal online search in search engines and the results were plenty. A lot of departments and functions were sighted. Some were even complicated and broad. Going thorough individual company sites or case studies was helpful in demarcating the key departments from the rest. The authenticity is often questioned here and only certified educational websites or certified company websites are thought to be genuine and provided the most compact and relevant solution (Hrmagazine.co.uk, 2015). Problems Encountered and Choosing Criteria While completing the research a number of obstacles, restrictions and restrains were encountered this made the process a little tedious. Hence greater caution was used in assessing the sources and the information provided. 1. The primary resources were hard to come by as time was a restraint and . This information was credited since their collected directly and the knowledge was practical. Yet since the people interviewed were not academics hence some information was taken as exaggeration. 2. The second research was going through like. K Anbuvelan in his book Principles of Management stated that Production sales department may be decentralized because of the urgency to take quick decisions; finance department may be centralized due to the need to obtain funds for the organization as a whole. Also it was stated Functional departments, such as finance, manufacturing, marketing, sales, engineering and purchasing, have their own bodies of knowledge, language and culture. Functional silos arise and become a major barrier to strategy implementation, since most organizations have great difficulty communicating and coordinating across these functions. For organizational performance to be more than the sum of its parts, individual strategies must be linked and integrated This was articles written and published on academic sites by experts of the field who provide a clear explanation of the various departments and how they work collaboratively for the Company. 1. The secondary research was surfing through online sites like the company websites which provided enough idea on the teams that work behind a company in each department and how innovations are brought into foray. A lot of unauthenticated sites cropped up. There were issues like spam, jumbled up opinions and irrelevant information. It is a proper search through the jungle of the web that ultimately yielded answers helpful . 2. Other obstructions faced were absence of pages in Google books as buying all the books is not possible, old and obsolete ideas in the publications. Internet failure, spam mails, pop-ups which created mild problems in the whole research objective. At the end of the day all the information was collected, evaluated, segregated, understood and compiled in a compact manner (News.walmart.com, 2015). 3. The exercise was helpful in the process of personal learning. It provided a huge scope for developing oneself and learning the technique of optimized searching. This research activity was helpful not only to make me understand the skills and techniques that are required to understand the process of researching but also provided me much insight into the subject of business and organizational management (Mara Martnezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Len and Martnezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Garca, 2011). The Application of information to future studies 1. The research activity will help me further in conducting elaborative research on consumer culture or business culture . 2. Also this will help me further in the planning and strategy making process 3. The information on key departments and functions will provide much insight on the important functional departments in the organizations and how they impact the business 4. The relevancy and activities in the departments has helped me understanding different types of organizations on the basis of their departments and what different strategies or formations they will require 5. Lots of information on current trend is gathered which will help me If I feel of starting my own business. 6. The process of judging the sources of information, assessing the credibility will not only help in the decision making process but will also helps in the future to assess the credibility of organizations or suppliers and how I should sort them. 7. Finally this process was helpful having the learning outcome of understanding the differences in the departments and how they work together to run a business fully functional and efficient . Conclusion The study was on the key departments and functions of the businesses. These departments were identified through research and analysis from different sources including offline and online methods. A lot of articles have been gone through to understand how these departments were different and yet working together mutually to provide efficiency into the system. Few restraints have been met while completing the research like lack of proper authentic information or unwillingness or exaggerated information provide personally. But at the end of the day this activity was very helpful in providing the much needed insight in the present business scenario and how such tasks should be undertaken in the future. References Bosari, J. (2012).The Developing Role of Social Media in the Modern Business World. [online] Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/moneywisewomen/2012/08/08/the-developing-role-of-social-media-in-the-modern-business-world/ [Accessed 15 Jul. 2015]. Burrow, J. (2002).Business management. Australia: South-Western/Thomson Learning. Efron, L. (2015).What Organizations Need Now From Human Resources. [online] Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/louisefron/2014/08/18/what-organizations-need-now-from-human-resources/ [Accessed 15 Jul. 2015]. GANEY, V. (2004). Managing multidisciplinary departments.Respiratory Care Clinics, 10(2), pp.197-210. Hrmagazine.co.uk, (2015).HR Magazine - How the HR division at Wal-Mart drives the company's success through people. [online] Available at: https://www.hrmagazine.co.uk/hro/analysis/1018448/how-hr-division-wal-mart-drives-companys-success-people [Accessed 15 Jul. 2015]. Iveybusinessjournal.com, (2015).BUILDING A STRATEGY-FOCUSED ORGANIZATION | Ivey Business Journal. [online] Available at: https://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/building-a-strategy-focused-organization/ [Accessed 15 Jul. 2015]. Krausz, M. (2010).Managing information security breaches. Ely: IT Governance Pub. Mara Martnezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Len, I. and Martnezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Garca, J. (2011). The influence of organizational structure on organizational learning.Int J of Manpower, 32(5/6), pp.537-566. Mayhew, R. (2015).Key Functions of an HR Department. [online] Business Entrepreneurship - azcentral.com. Available at: https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/key-functions-hr-department-1146.html [Accessed 15 Jul. 2015]. Moss, R. and Strauss, D. (2004).Strauss's handbook of business information. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited. Nauta, A. and Sanders, K. (2001). Causes and consequences of perceived goal differences between departments within manufacturing organizations.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74(3), pp.321-342. News.walmart.com, (2015).Walmart Announces Organizational Changes. [online] Available at: https://news.walmart.com/news-archive/2010/01/28/walmart-announces-organizational-changes [Accessed 15 Jul. 2015]. Pacific Crest Group, (2013).Key Functions of Your Accounting Department. [online] Available at: https://www.pcg-services.com/key-roles-accounting-department/ [Accessed 15 Jul. 2015]. Schlosser, F. (2013). Identifying and Differentiating Key Employees from Owners and Other Employees in SMEs.Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), pp.37-53. Spadaccini, M. (2007).Business structures. Irvine, CA: Entrepreneur Press. Wardell.biz, (2015).About Wardell Business Advisory. [online] Available at: https://www.wardell.biz/blog/main/2013/5 [Accessed 15 Jul. 2015].

The control of intellectual property has played an important role in the development of media technologies

Introduction Historically, intellectual property rights, IPR, have played a pivotal role in safeguarding all types of creators in business, scientific and artistic fields. In media technologies, besides providing effective mechanism of protection, the IPR has provided ethical means in which the creators or inventors can appreciate their efforts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The control of intellectual property has played an important role in the development of media technologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although recent years have witnessed a proliferation of creativity and knowledge exceeding the precincts of mainstream protective measures, IPR has continued to evolve, in tandem with these happenings. Media technologies have witnessed more challenges. These challenges have spanned all spectrums of the society. They include ethical, technological, political, and legislative spectrums, among others. Desp ite these issues hampering the process of achieving their success, they have granted opportunities for various stakeholders involved in devising methods which fix their effective utilisation. Hence, in recent years, laws, policies and technologies among other strategies, have been constituted to control how media technologies can be used without compromising the intellectual property rights. The author describes how the control of intellectual property rights has contributed to the development of media technologies. In achieving this objective, the author notes that various strategies implemented focusing on intellectual property rights have been pivotal in controlling how media technologies are produced, distributed and used. Measures, such as legislations and technology among others, have provided an elaborate framework in using media technologies. Besides, various laws have been enforced to control or protect intellectual property. Further, the author demonstrates using Napster a nd Sony Vs Universal Studios as case studies to demonstrate issues that have resulted by not embracing the role of intellectual property rights. Discussion For several years, legal controls have been used to safeguard the society against threats which can occur unexpectedly. Legal controls have provided an effective mechanism in addressing the issue of intellectual property rights. Presently, the world has become a global village; the dawn of the internet has resulted in what we call digital revolution.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the media industry, digital revolution has created what is known as new digital media; hence, digital media has become a common phrase widely embraced in technology and media industries. It is a technology which is enabled by the internet. New digital media has imposed a challenge to conventional copyright policy. Thus, many organisations owning copyrights argue that the digital media have simplified prospects for intellectual theft. Intellectual Property Online (53) illustrates that new media have provided new challenges in terms of intellectual property rights. Intellectual Property Online notes that devising higher protection standards than was with earlier terms of copyright law will help to neutralise loss of revenues (57). Legal Control Measures and Controls The Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the European Union Copyright Directive Despite the differences, Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA and the European Union Copyright Act, EUCA, have balanced the opposing differences in protecting digital media. The acts own a similar purpose of fixing a secure environment for relaying digital media contents (Intellectual Property Online 58). The Acts contain terms making it unlawful to circumvent copy-protection technologies in order to access unauthorised content. The acts also provide protection to other illega l activities such as distribution, production and making content available with intent of encouraging circumvention. Intellectual property owners are concerned about the illegal appropriation of contents as it restricts them from profiting from their efforts. The DMCA and EUCD with an aim of disciplining unlawful appropriation outlined specific rules to incorporate technology protecting copyright work and granting honest users to fulfill their rights (Lucchi). The anti-circumvention provision of the DMCA prevents three types of misdeeds. According to Digital Rights Management, it outlaws evading technological measures that prevent access to copyrighted work (104). Secondly, it forbids trafficking in devices that can improve circumvented access controls. Lastly, it restricts trafficking in circumvention devices for technological measures that safeguard the copyright, owner’s exclusive rights such as copying and distribution. On the other hand, EUCD promotes three areas in its strategy. These areas are the distribution rights, reproduction rights and the rights of communication (Lucchi). The Act also seeks member countries to provide legal procedures to guard against circumvention for technological measures that cover works. It criminalises circumvention in any approach regardless of the rights it protects (Digital Rights Management 106). The two laws, presently in force, provide content owners with a stronger opportunity to implement their own regulations and limits on the use and access of digital content.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The control of intellectual property has played an important role in the development of media technologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Intellectual Property Enforcement New European Pattern To ensure secure digital media content and guarantee strong individual user’s deeds, the EU enforced the intellectual property rights as a regulation that compels member countries to generate decisive, reasonable, proportionate procedures, and remedies against copying and piracy. Davis explains that these measures were aimed at providing absolute protection to copyright violations (78). The European Union asserted that enforcing the law was necessary because without a careful and effective security, creativity and innovation was deemed to die. This regulation compels that it is necessary to ensure the substantive law on intellectual property is administered properly across the society. This is because administering is a key objective for success for protecting intellectual property. The European Union notes that a rapid increase in piracy and intellectual property rights and violation of intellectual property is a phenomenon which has a global outlook. When left unchecked, it poses a dire threat to society. Hence, the enforcement measures and other procedures are essential to defeat the challenge. Copyright Legislations Many con ventional and envisaged applications embracing digital media focus on transferring, recording or finding contents instead of transforming contents to new ones. For instance, applications that would have easily recombined personal media with elements from other public and other mass media, offer new areas in which copyright law and policy succeed (Lucchi). Most copyright regulations have shifted towards giving greater security and universal rights to copyright owners. According to Litman (2000), this illustrates a shift from the conventional pattern of prohibition by the acceptable use of copyrighted materials to all unauthorised use as illegal. Besides, older protection that was envisaged under the US copyright laws, for instance, is facing a threat with the shift to the digital domain. This, according to Stallman (2004), has led to the role of copyright entirely reversed. The digital technology has transformed it into a system that allows producers to confine the public into apprec iating the works of authors. In the digital communication layout, there are typically developments which have dramatically changed the course of accessing copyrighted information. According to Davis, these developments are zero marginal cost of copying, negligible cost of posting or producing new information on the internet and zero cost of transmission over the internet (80). With zero costs for duplication of information, the cyberspace technologies feel threatened. Therefore, there is a need to restrict ‘’theft’, by embracing new technological advancement that encourage fair use’ principle, a fundamental aspect of copyright principle (Davis 83).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fair Use The intellectual property rights, IPR, have simplified the manner in which the society engages in the proper use and access of copyrighted content. This has been achieved through a concept known as fair use. In the United States, the Fair Use Doctrine encourages acceptable use of copyrighted materials without permission or license, for purposes such as news reporting, comments and teaching, among others. The statute has extended fair use in various ways (Borland). This includes time-shifting, in using a VCR to time-shift when a person is viewing television programs and format shifting as in creating an MP3 format version of an audio CD that a person already owns. Assessing when to use of copyrighted content under fair use has been analysed by the courts on a case by case basis. This has been done using the four codes. These codes include the intent and spirit of the use (whether for nonprofit aims or commercial), the amount and substantiality of the potion used for the copy righted work and impact of use on the potential market. These codes are covered under the United States Code (Dittmann 7). However, fixing fair use has been a difficult task because of the contradictory interpretations set forth by legal scholars. The distinction of rationalisation hinges on whether fair use is a confirmatory right that permits copying in specific conditions or just a defense used in cases of copyright violation (Dittmann 6). When understood along the confirmatory right attitude, fair use is an essential part of copyright law that safeguards the constitutionally guaranteed rights of an individual’s free expression and free speech. On the contrary, when fair use is understood along the defensive line, copyright creators and technologies that enable them can limit a person access to digital media; granting fair use no longer an alternative available to the wider society. Copyright creators would then control access and use of digital media. Technology Control M easures The rapid technological progress in information and communication has fixed new legislative and judicial effort to restructure intellectual property rights in the digital media. This is to fix equilibrium between consumers and the legal owners. Hence, in today’s information society, technology control is directed by various international conventions and compliance with the state legislative practices. Technology control legislation then supports enforceability. Acts such as EUCD and DMCA recognise a legal status and offer a candid constitutional protection for copyright management and technological measures preventing unauthorised use and determining the conditions for permitted use (Lucchi). According to Borland, technology provides no issue to any legal control. It oversees transactions on an authoritative manner (Borland). Because of these characteristics of technology, intellectual property laws have undergone various amendments to support the needs of the technol ogical world. The role of technology in safeguarding intellectual property has been varied. One of the roles it achieves is preventing users from gaining access or engaging in practices such as copying. It also allows creation of licensing business models. These models permit holders to have the right of choosing their own discretion terms and conditions for use and access to their work. They also set in technical devices used in accomplishing their tasks. In absolute terms, technology cultivates the authority or grants the rights holder privileges to determine how his/her work should be used. Borland explains that different technological expressions have been expanding to keep contents from unauthorised copyright infringement and ease overseeing the use of media by the society (Borland). Terms such as technological protection measures, self-help systems, automated rights and digital rights management systems are springing as a result. These expressions point to an automated archite cture that can manage and protect distributing digital works. Besides, these measures provide easy transfer of digital works from inventors and publishers to consumers. Technological features to Protect access rights and control The inclusion of copy protection devices has been an element of various digital media. Several methods have been employed to ensure reasonable access to contents is guaranteed (Stenger). These measures are grouped into rights control and access control. Rights control limits a user’s capacity to engage the rights of the content owner. Access control involves a concept of access privileges to succeed a given operation. Access controls have granted legal protection than conventional controls. The rights holders are guaranteed more incentives of use than rights controls to improve stronger legal protection against circumvention. Transformative Technology Digital media technology has fixed significant changes in sharing and producing information. These ch anges have had a sweeping effect on copyright law and policies. Dittmann illustrates in his journal, IEEE Multi-Media: â€Å"This has had a deeper impact on digital media, that media can easily be expressed in the form or meaning’ (5). While he noted this transformative characteristic of digital media as a risk to technological and copyright defense actions, it is the transformative environment of the digital media that most promises protection of fair use rights (Stenger). Media technologists are involved in inventing new ways. These ways make the present and future digital media support intellectual property laws and policies that promote freedom of expressions and fair use privilege. Hence, the media technologies will strive to safeguard users and not primarily the data stored in it. According to Stenger, technologies strengthen and support transformative elements of digital media by making them available, reusable and accessible through establishing and using metadata (S tenger). Evolving technology Current trends in information technology have provided new alternatives in safeguarding intellectual property rights. Though some have proved successful, others have contributed to more infringement opportunities. Initiatives to establish barriers, for example, the Secure Digital Music Initiative, SDMI, have emphatically failed. Similarly, other efforts such as the Macrovision’s ‘snaps and crackles’ technology have also failed. Borland, in his article â€Å"Snaps, Crackles May Stop CD Piracy†, illustrates that ‘snaps and crackles’ technology inserts bits in a PCM encoded music on a CD (Borland). When such a CD is compressed with an MP3 algorithm and preserved with the data file on a computer system, the music gets corrupted with audible crackles and snaps on playback (Borland). These industry actions, although viewed as a big achievement, do not guarantee security of content. They are short-term remedies. Case Stud ies The Napster – Illegal File Swapping Illegal file swapping draws a common global threat to intellectual property rights enforcement. File swapping involves having a file sharing software or peer distribution system. The service allows users to freely exchange or share music files or other copyrighted content on the internet. Because these files are protected from copyright, less legitimacy has been attached to MP3 file size. McCourt and Patrick illustrate that Napster, which was founded in 1999, was a well-known online business which embraced peer-to peer network in heightening illegal file sharing practice (335). The Napster example illustrates the effect of intellectual property rights issue in the new digital world. Napster was an online music business which provided music sharing services. According to McCourt and Patrick, Napster operated on the idea that when someone pays for a given song or album, he had a right to ‘share’ with others (336). During the pre-internet days, sharing convention was widely embraced, because any person would give a friend a book or a video cassette without minding copyright infringement. It is well noted that non-commercial consumer copying is a fair use under the copyright regulation. However, in the digital age, things have changed because of the unlimited number of copies which can be made. Napster music sharing succeeded three distinct phases. The first phase was a user browsed the Napster website and entered the music of choice using his/her personal computer. The user’s machine then searched similar machines on the internet running a similar program. Once the search was over and the music found, the user then selects the device and transfers the MP3 music file containing the music. The Napster peer-to-peer technology allowed online connected computers to connect without passing, by means of a central file server (McCourt and Patrick, 342). This established a system that constituted internetw orked computers with share files stored in a single computer and controlled by simple share software. Napster had to face many legal issues because of its service of free music sharing. This was because it was violating the copyright rules of the owners of the music. After lengthy and protracted legal battles involving intellectual property infringement, Napster had to submit and presently, the e-business offers subscription services. It pays royalties on copyrighted contents. Although Napster story has cooled, many other e-based organisations have taken the Napster theory and enhanced it. According to Stenger, among the ideas evolving after Napster collapsed is that some e-based businesses have created offshore Napster sites. These sites blend two lengthy issues of the legal jurisdiction of the internet and the intellectual property rights (Stenger). Stenger, in his article â€Å"Entrepreneur Proposes Offshore Napster Clone†, notes the companies which compete with the Napste r ideas use the pig Latin, or other unique misspelling to obscure music filenames blocked by Napster (Stenger). Napster case shows the challenge that most mainstream music industry businesses have in this internet era. Thus, these issues are anchored on assumptions of technological obstacles that no longer prevail. Despite the courts neutralising the Napster case, the challenge of music sharing is common; undoubtedly, the future will encounter many problems. Perhaps, possibilities of music intellectual property rights will move away from the ownership model to licensing model. However, whether the strategy will reduce music piracy is still under discussion. Sony Vs Universal Studios 1984 Sony and Universal Studios were some of the leading media industries in 1980’s. In 1980’s, most media industries used cassette and audio tapes to distribute, play and store music. Besides, using these media simplified copying of music, hence, people would do themselves without much dif ficulty. This scenario elicited a threat to organisations producing and marketing recorded music. This was because an entire album could be recorded off the air with reasonable reliability. However, loss of music quality was causing an outcry from the listening public, besides, the copies successfully produced were poorer in precision. Besides, commercially produced cassette tapes would be borrowed and duplicated. These processes contributed to loss of royalties to the musicians. This was a similar issue that arose between Sony and Universal Studios in 1984, when home video recorder was introduced in the recording industry. Home video recorded made it possible to record video programs such as motion pictures off the air. This signaled that royalties were not paid for subsequent viewing. This scenario prompted a significant legal battle, pitting producers of blank tape and tape recording devices against content producers. This resulted in a court case between the two media industries . The results of the conflict were that consumers could lawfully record content off the air for personal use, they could also sell. However, whereas commercial practice of using such materials was prohibited, home use was not. Conclusion Various technological barriers and legal sanctions have contributed to redefining how media technologies are used in contemporary world. Hence, they will continue to be vital in protecting intellectual property rights. This has been successful, especially in preventing corporate piracy. Hence, at a personal level, they will not be sufficient because the technological barrier has decreased and is unlikely to increase by strategies such as encryption methods incorporated in volumes of produced items. Legal interventions such as Digital Millennium Act and European Union among others, have streamlined media technologies’ use by providing effective guidelines. Hence, with more technologies emerging, these interventions will endeavour to evolve to address the intricacies that come with new technologies. Work Cited Borland, John. â€Å"Snaps, Crackles May Stop CD Piracy, 2012. Web.. https://www.zdnet.com/ Davis, Randall. â€Å"The Digital Dilemma,† Communications of the ACM 44, (2001): 77- 83. Print Digital Rights Management. MIT Alumni Association. Technology Review, (n.d): 102- 109. Print Dittmann, Jana. â€Å"Copyright-Copywrong,† IEEE Multi-Media, (2000): 14-17. Print Intellectual Property Online. A Landmark Case,† Strategic Finance, (n.d): 52-57, Litman, Joseph, The demonization of piracy, 2000; Web.. Lucchi, Nicola. Intellectual Property Rights in Digital Media: A Comparative Analysis of Legal Protection, Technological Measures and New Business Models under E.U. and U.S. Law, 2005. Web. https://law.bepress.com/expresso/eps/615/ Marc, Davis. â€Å"From Pirates to Patriots: Fair Use for Digital Media.† IEEE Multimedia, (2002):4-7. Print McCourt, Tom, and Patrick Burkart. When creators, corporati ons and consumers collide: Napster and the development of on-line music distribution. Media, Culture Society, (2003): 333–350. Print Stenger, Richard. â€Å"Entrepreneur Proposes Offshore Napster Clone,† 2001. Web. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/TECH/internet/03/06/napster.offshore/index.html This essay on The control of intellectual property has played an important role in the development of media technologies was written and submitted by user Tomas Carlson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A citizen, rights and responsibilities and antisocial behaviour The WritePass Journal

A citizen, rights and responsibilities and antisocial behaviour Introduction A citizen, rights and responsibilities and antisocial behaviour IntroductionAnti Social BehavioursTackling Anti Social Behaviour in HousingConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction The term ‘citizen’ may literally be used to refer to any person who has acquired or has the status of citizenship. The acquired status is used when the person that is conferred with the citizenship is not originally a citizen of the sovereign nation while, in effect the citizenship has to be earned through set of rules that govern the society.   According to Hardy (1997) â€Å"the status of citizen is used to denote the link between an individual and a State, a form of political organization with territorial boundaries which may encompass more than one nation†.   Citizenship is defined by Lewis (2004, p 9) as â€Å"a legal status conferred by an internationally recognised nation – state. This status accords a nationality and the right to make claims against the state and receive a share of the public goods†.   Therefore, it can be seen that when an individual has the status of a citizenship, such individual has formed a relationship with the St ate and this relationship is guided and strengthened by the citizen knowing his/her rights from the State and responsibilities to the State, community and entire neighbourhood. This project focuses on the rights and responsibilities of a citizen with respect to tenancy and how these relate to existing government policies on anti social behaviour.   The project will attempt to achieve this focus by fully describing the rights of a citizen from the State and the responsibilities of that citizen to the State, community and entire neighbourhood.   Secondly the project will carry out a review of the current government policies on anti social behaviour and how these policies relate to the rights and responsibilities of a citizen.   Thirdly, the project will conclude with summary of the overall work. Rights of a citizen When a person has the status of a citizenship, Blackburn (1994) argues that a relationship has been formed with the state which gives the citizen certain rights.   However, Marshal (1992, cited in Lewis, 2004) viewed citizenship as a relationship between the individual and a state which gives rise to 3 basic elements of rights – civil, political and social. Civil rights The civil right of a citizen represents the right to freedom of speech, expression, thought and faith and to conclude valid contracts. When a person becomes a citizen, such person has by virtue of the citizenship status acquired the right to freely express him/herself and to put forward opinions about issues affecting the that nation.   In addition, the citizenship status comes with the right to equal opportunities and social justice in that society. Political rights The political right of a citizen is the rights that allow the person to vote.   The right to vote is an opportunity to demonstrate one’s democratic rights and this is important in a democratic society.   The political right also includes the chance to participate in political process such as contesting for electoral positions and being duly elected in the political office. Social rights The social element of the right of a citizen is the right to economic welfare and to fully share the social heritages within the society.   One of the social heritages in a society is housing.   Blackburn (1994) viewed the right to housing and be housed as one of the idealistic rights of a citizen. Within the context of this project, the housing right (social right) of a citizen will be the subject for main focus. Housing right The citizen has the right to housing (Cowan and Marsh, 2001 and Blackburn, 1994). There are two main sectors in the housing market for a citizen – the owner occupied and the rented sector.   The owner occupied housing sector includes the individuals that have undertaken to purchase a property through mortgage and who live in the house by themselves.   The house that is purchased may be a leasehold or freehold, but, in either case, the government usually supports the citizens through varying the interest rates and stamp duties.   Other form of support by the government is through consultation with the mortgage lenders in reducing the amount of deposit required for the citizens to purchase their own owner occupied houses. These supports are to enable the citizen enforce their rights of housing.   The rented housing sector includes the private and public.   Private rented sector refers to those that rent out their house through short hold tenancies while the public sect or is the assured short hold tenancy.   The providers of housing to citizens in the public sector include housing associations and local authorities.   The local authorities invest in houses and allocate them to citizens on the basis of ‘first come first served’ but attention is given to those with extra-ordinary circumstance or great urgency.   The housing associations are not for profit making organisations who provide house to citizens based on their criteria and in view of the nature of the associations, they do not share profits but re-invest them into the activities of the housing. Responsibilities of a citizen The basic right of housing for a citizen is further broken down in the tenancy agreement the citizen enters into with the landlord which states the conditions of the tenancy.   The Housing Act 1988 with amendments up to 2004 and the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 protect the citizen from undue harassment, unfair charges and fraudulent practices and also ensure that the property is in good condition for occupancy and illegal evictions.   However, in order to fully enjoy the right to housing and the protection as contained in the Tenancy Agreement and the relevant Housing Acts, the citizen is required to fulfill some basic obligations.   The citizen has the obligation to act within the law by not engaging in criminal or immoral activities and also to behave in such manners that may not be regarded are against socially accepted corms within the neighbourhood or wider social environment.   Therefore, it can be said that one of the rights of a citizen is the right to housing and als o that one of the major responsibilities of the citizen is to carry on his/her daily activities of living in such a manner as to show behaviours that are against the neighbourhood in which he/she resides.   The term neighbourhood is described by Power (2007, p 17) as â€Å"local areas within towns and cities recognized by people who live there as distinct places, with their own character and approximate boundaries†.   The citizen is a member of the neighbourhood and his or her actions will impact all the members of the neighbourhood either directly or indirectly, in effect, the citizen is expected to maintain a pattern of behaviour for the interest of the general neighbourhood.   A pattern of behaviour that is not in line with the acceptable behaviours within a neighbourhood is known as anti social behaviour.   According to Rose (1996) citizens are considered to be responsible when they play their roles but in a situation that the moral lifestyle of such person is con trary, such person is considered a threat or reproach to the community.   According to Cowan and Marsh (2001, p 168) â€Å"the role of the law relevant here is through seeking to uphold particular standards of behaviour†.   In the UK, the law that seeks to uphold the standards of behaviours within the neighbourhood is the anti social behaviour contained in the Crime and Disorder Act (1996, 1998) and Ant Social Behaviour Act (2003). Anti Social Behaviours The Good Practice Unite of the Chartered Institute of Housing (CIH 1995, p3) defined antisocial behaviour as â€Å"behaviour that opposes society’s norms and accepted standards of behaviour†.   Also the Crime and Disorder Act (1998) described antisocial behaviour as acting â€Å"in a manner that caused or was likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to one or more persons not of the same household†.   The Anti Social Behaviour Act (2003) identified various forms of behaviours found to be common and these include: noise nuisance; intimidation and/or harassments, littering and graffiti; being violent against neighbours and properties; hate behviours that target an ethnic or gender groups; and use of the property for unlawful business or other purposes. Causes Several reasons have been given by different researchers and organisations as to the reasons that lead to anti social behaviours.   Notable among the researchers are Hawkins, Catalano and Miller (1992) who identified risk factors and protective factors.  Ã‚   The risk factors involves certain issues of life that have the potential of making people act against the society such as poverty, family problems and problems that arise in the school.   The protective factors refer to the presence of some features that may discourage the individual from acting against the society such as bonding and community involvement.   The issues of risk and protective factors were further highlighted by the argument of Miller (2005) that neighbourhoods with high crime rate in most cases are traceable to poverty, deprivation and lack of involvement in the community in which the offender resides. Impacts Anti social behaviours has the likelihood of impacting on the members of the neighbourhood, properties and the individual that carries out the behaviour.   One of the impacts of antisocial behaviour on the neighbourhood is that it can make withdraw from public places within the area for fear of the safety of their lives thereby and also crumble the service provisions in that area (Rogers and Coaffee, 2005).   The Policy Action Team of the Social Exclusion Unit (SEU, 1998, p11) argued that â€Å"if housing is poorly managed or unlettable, or crime and anti social behaviour are not tackled, community support systems can easily crumble†.   Secondly, there is the possibility of reducing house prices in the area and increased cost of repairs and cleaning of graffiti as a result of vandalism (Brand and Price, 2000). Also, an area that is notorious for behaviours seen to be contrary to the accepted standards in the society may have a stigma which may make residents decide to relocate or prevent new ones moving in.   This problem of stigma was emphasised by Harworth and Manzi (1999, p 163) that there is â€Å"the stigma attached to public rented houses† and that this is the result of behaviours that are usually not in conformity with the accepted norms in the wider society.   In order to tackle the problem of anti social behaviour and reduce or eliminate its impacts on the neighbourhood and properties, Cowan and Marsh (2001) suggested the use of basic strategies such as housing management, legal tools and partnering with Social Exclusion Unit. Tackling Anti Social Behaviour in Housing Housing Management Cowan and Marsh (2001) suggested that in order to control the activities of those that perpetrate anti social behaviours, Landlords should control the access to houses by such individuals through the use of housing register.   This suggestion implies that those noted for their anti social behaviours should be excluded from having access to houses as a deterrent to others that would want to follow their bad examples.   The power for landlords to exclude those whose behaviours are deemed to be against the norms of the society in which they reside (anti social behaviour) is contained in the Part VI of the Housing Act (1996) and research by Smith (2001) found that this exclusion has reduced the rate of antisocial behaviours in most estates. In addition to the use of exclusion as a house management tool for deterrent and preventive measure for dealing with anti social behaviours, Landlords were empowered by the Housing Acts 1996 to adjust the tenancy agreement indicate repossession of properties.   In effect, the tenancy agreement fully describes the rights and responsibilities of both parties with particular respect to anti social behaviours and that the Landlord has the right of repossession if the tenant receives anti social behavioural order – an order for carrying out anti social behaviours.   On the effectiveness of the use of repossession as a deterrent, the Social Exclusion Unit (SEU, 2000, p 4) argued that â€Å"evicting anti social people does not mea that the problem will go away.   Some people will be deterred from future ant social behaviour by the experience of eviction or exclusion from the housing register†. Legal Tools The 1996 Housing Act further gave powers to Landlords (both Local Authorizes and Social Registered Landlords) to deal with their own tenants with respect to anti social behaviours.   This Act made individuals responsible for their own actions, those of their households and those of their visitors and empowered landlords to take possession of their properties in the event of anti social behaviour.   In applying this power, certain behaviours were banned by Landlords and where the tenant goes against those behaviours, a housing injunction is obtained from the court to arrest the offender.   Also the 1998 Housing Act introduced the use of Anti Social Behavioural Order (ASBO) by the police or landlords against offenders as long as they are above the age of 10.   Other legal tools include the use of 1996 Noise Act and 1990 Environmental Protection for noisy tenants and those houses not maintained by the tenants. Social Exclusion Unit Partnership While applying both the managerial and legal tools, Cowan and Marsh (2001) further suggested the use of partnership initiatives with the social exclusion unit by landlords and local authorities.   The Social Exclusion Unit works with communities, individuals and families to make sure that anti social behaviours are not breached and that to a greater extent avoid repeat or re – offending (SEU, 2000c).   Rather than punish those whose behaviours are anti social, through exclusion, repossession or injunction, the social exclusion unit partners with other relevant agencies to produce strategies in the forms of projects that to support the circumstances of the offender.   This process involves having a one to one meeting with the offender to identify the causes of the anti social behaviour and the outcome of the discussion forms the basis for suggesting possible support programs to assist the offender where appropriate.   The partnership with the social exclusion unit has a dditional advantage of making sure that those who are reacting as a result of their extra ordinary circumstances beyond their control are supported in overcoming such circumstances. Conclusion This project sought to find out about a citizen and how the rights and responsibilities of ‘a citizen’ relate with the current government policies on anti social behaviours.   During the course of the project, it was found that citizen describes a person who has the status or acquired the status of citizenship that is, having a form of relationship with the State.   Such relationships with the nation that has accorded that person the citizenship status usually comes with political, civil and social rights.   The social right of the citizen which formed the basic focus of this project includes the right to housing and being housed.   The right of the citizen to be provided with housing protects the citizen from being harassed, unfairly charged or exploited by landlords.   However, the right of the citizen to housing requires that the citizen keeps to the conditions of the tenancy agreement among which includes a condition not to act in a manner that will above o ther things constitute not conform to the norms of the society/neighbourhood – that is ant social. Furthermore, the project found that where the citizen acts anti social, it may result in crumbling of the service provisions within the neighbourhood (SEU, 1998), reducing house prices as the result of the stigma of crime and violence (Harworth and Manzi, 1999) and increasing cost of repairs and maintenance by the local authorities in cleaning graffiti.   In order to tackle the problem of antisocial behaviour, the project found 3 basic strategies as suggested by Cowan and Marsh (2001) and these include housing management, legal tools and partnership with the social exclusion unit.   Housing management uses seeks to exclude citizens with anti social behaviours from having access to housing and also repossessing their properties while the legal tool uses injunction.   The partnership with the social exclusion unit aims to address the circumstances that create the anti social behaviours of a citizen. Based on the findings during the course of this project, it can be seen that a citizen has a right to housing and that this right comes with responsibilities not to act anti social.   Therefore, the current government policy of anti social behaviour seeks to ensure that a citizen, enjoying the right to housing, complies with the responsibilities that come with the right to the housing being enjoyed.   The rights are received by the citizen; the responsibilities are the conditions for the rights and the anti social behavior policies ensure that the conditions are kept by the citizen. References Blackburn, R. (1994).   Rights of Citizenship.   London.   Mansell Publishing Ltd Catalano, R.F., Hawkins, J.D. (1996). The Social Development Model: A theory of antisocial behavior. In J.D. Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and Crime: Current Theories (pp. 149-197) New York: Cambridge CIH (1995).   Housing management standards manual. Coventry. CIH Cowan, D. and Marsh, A. (2001). Two steps forward:   Housing policy into the new millennium. UK.   Polity Press Hardy, H. (1997) ‘Citizenship and the Right to Vote’, 17 Oxford J Legal Stud 76 (1997). Hawkins J.D., Catalano R. F., Miller J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64-105. Lewis, G. (2004).   Citizenship Lives Social Policy.   UK.   The polity Press Millie, A., Jacobson, J., Hough, M. and Paraskevopoulou, A. (2005a) Anti-social behaviour in London Setting the context for the London Anti-Social Behaviour Strategy, London: GLA Power, Anne (2007a) City Survivors. Bringing up children in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Bristol: The Policy Press. Rogers, P. and Coaffee, J. (2005) ‘Moral panics and urban renaissance: Policy, tactics and youth in public space’, City, 9(3) 321-340. Rose, N. (1996).   The death of the social?   Refiguring the territory of government, Economy and Society, vol 25, no 3, pp 282-99. Social Exclusion Unit (1998).   Bringing Britain together: A national strategy for neighbourhood renewal, Cm 4045, London:   The stationery Office. Social Exclusion Unit (2000a) Leaflet, London: Cabinet Office Smith, R., Stirling, T. Papps, P., Evans, A. and Rowlands, R. (2001).   Allocation and Exclusion:   The impact of new approach to allocating social housing, London: Shelter. The 1998 Crime and Disorder Act The 1996 Housing Act

THE ECHR AS A LIVING INSTRUMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

THE ECHR AS A LIVING INSTRUMENT - Essay Example One of the powerful interpretive tools used by the EctHR has been the conceptualization of the ECHR as a living instrument. It is settled case law that the ECHR is â€Å"a living instrument which must be interpreted in light of present-day conditions.† A critique of judicial activism may criticize the use of the living instrument rule as an impermissible intrusion of the Strasbourg Court into the policy-making domain. This paper analyses this proposition and the development of the living instrument rule in light of Strasbourg jurisprudence in respect of two articles of the ECHR, article 3 and article 8. Article 3 of the ECHR states that no one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The original Court began the articulation of the living instrument methodology in the well-known case of Tyrer v. United Kingdom when it was required to determine the compatibility of judicial corporeal punishment with article 3 prohibition on cruel and degrading punishment. The Government of the Isle of Man argued that judicial corporal punishment was acceptable to the inhabitants of the island. However, the Court held that: â€Å"... the Convention is a living instrument which, as the Commission rightly stressed, must be interpreted in the light of present-day conditions. In the case now before it the Court cannot but be influenced by the developments and commonly accepted standards in the penal policy of the member States of the Council of Europe in this field.

Health Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health Information Systems - Essay Example Medical informatics started in the US when the computers and microchips were introduced in the 1950s. In 1949, the first professional informatics organization was founded by Gustav Wager in Germany. Programs that trained individuals on informatics systems began in France in the 1960s which became common in the United States and Europe by the 1970s. Initially, health informatics systems were used for purposes like billing and patient admissions/discharges. (Neujahr). The technological advances made in the field of computers contributed to the rapid spread of health informatics systems. The relationship between doctors and people has also drastically changed with the introduction of medical informatics, since people are not ignorant of the health issues they are likely to face. Information regarding symptoms, causes and diagnosis is made available to all individuals, enabling them to identify their problem. People are usually aware of the health issue before they approach a doctor for diagnosis. Health informatics on the internet has made professionals more equitable since they have the advantage of learning of medical and clinical procedures immediately, without having to search for books on the particular technique or to consult other professionals. The physician is expected to have wide knowledge of all disciplines of medicine as all information is made available to the client or the patient. Internet forms the site of a new struggle over expertise in health that will transform the relationship between the health professions and their clients. (Hardey, 2009). A number of health informatics organizations have been developed by the government to provide reliable information on all kinds of health issues. For instance, the United States Federal Government has developed a health informatics site, healthfinder.gov. It provides guidelines to healthy living and personalized health advice by professionals to enable the

Health Care System In Uae Health And Social Care Essay

Health Care System In Uae Health And Social Care Essay Health care is essential for any economy regardless of its size since it directly affects the workforce. The workforce in turn influences output and income earned by the government from taxes and foreign exchange. The health care sector should thus receive a substantial proportion of the budgetary expenditure if a country is to achieve high growth and development levels. The UAE is one of the most influential countries in the Middle East and it shapes the economic and political sphere in this continent. Although it is a dominant country in the Middle East, it faces many challenges in its health care system which threatens to undermine its growth and development. Several interventions should be taken to ensure that this nation does not lose its influence in the Middle East due to problems in the health care sector, which may affect its growth and development. This paper will show that UAE faces challenges such as limitation in the number of specialists and nurses, low skills possessed by nurses and poor remuneration of employees who work for government hospitals. In order to address these concerns, more health care professionals should be trained and schools build for students who are interested in the medical field. In addition, foreign workers in health care facilities should be thoroughly vetted to ensure that they possess skills needed by patients. In order to motivate employees in the health care sector, their salaries and allowances should be increased, and their working environments improved through equipping hospitals with drugs, equipment and health care specialists. This will improve the overall quality of health care provided in the UAE. Introduction The health care sector is one of the most important sectors in any nation and it directly affects the economic growth and development of all nations. This is due to the reason that if the population has poor health, the productivity from individual workers decreases and this in turn reduces output from industries and firms. This in turn results in lower GDP, lower taxes earned by government and lower income earned from exports. Many health care systems across the world face challenges due to an increase in number of people who seek health care and the limitation of resources available. There has been an increase in diseases, both communicable and terminal illnesses. In addition, unhealthy lifestyles and poor dietary habits have led to an increase in diseases such as diabetes, heart illnesses and high blood pressure, across the world. It is therefore important that different health care systems are assessed and their weaknesses exposed in order to improve the quality of health care pr ovision. The UAE faces some challenges in its health care service delivery. These weaknesses include a shortage of specialists and nurses. Others include low quality of skills by nurses and low motivation levels among health care stakeholders. This has led to poor service delivery and man patients are opting to pursue health care services abroad. Many specialists are also taking jobs abroad since they perceive remuneration in UAE to be low. These factors have an economic impact of loss of revenue by the government, increase in cost of health care and opportunity costs of seeking local health care services. This paper will analyze the health care industry in the United Arab Emirates. Various weaknesses inherent in the system will be discussed from an economic point of view. These weaknesses will be compared to other successful hospitals across the world in order to develop effective interventions to solve them. Recommendations will then be made on actions which the UAE government, in collabora tion with the private sector and international partners, has to take to improve the quality of health care provision. The incentives which should be given to change the behavior of UAE health care stakeholders will also be given at the end of the paper. The discussed issues will be summarized. Problems and solutions Introduction There are various problems which are present in the UAE health care system as earlier stated. These problems include inadequate distribution ratio of nurses to patients and the presence of low skilled nurses. These problems lead to dissatisfaction with service provision amongst the UAE population, and this results in many patients seeking treatment overseas. Over 70% of residents in UAE seek treatment overseas when faced with life-threatening ailments. This leads to losses to both health care providers and the government, which loses a substantial income from taxes. In addition, sometimes the government supports patients who seek treatment overseas and this increases the costs incurred by the government. For instance, in 2009, the UAE government spent over 280 million dirham to cover overseas costs of 530 patients (Porter Teisberg, 2006). This figure is even higher when military patients are included. When the government spends this amount of money on overseas treatment, economic lo sses include opportunity costs of payment from patients to health practitioners, loss of tax revenue by the government and direct expenses paid for the medical cost. It is therefore imperative that steps are taken to restore the confidence which nationals of the UAE have in the health care system. This part of the paper will discuss individual problems in the provision of health care in the UAE. The solutions to the problems faced will be discussed after discussing the problems. Inadequate distribution ratio of nurses to patients The international acceptable standards in health care provision advocates for a bed capacity to nursesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ ratio of 1:1 in areas which are considered critical to health care. The current ratio present in the UAE is in fact 1:5. This means that one nurse takes care of four patients simultaneously. According to Zain and Libo, (2008), although the internationally recognized nurse to patient ration in the ICU is 1:5, there are several hospitals in Dubai which have higher nurse to patient ratios. For instance, the Al Baraha hospital has a nurse to patient ratio of 1:10 in general wards, and in the ICU, this ratio is 1:4. In addition, it has 100 doctors and 200 nurses yet it receives 13 new born babies, 250 emergency patients and 650 outpatients in a daily basis. This shows the problem facing the hospital as far as the shortage of nurses is concerned. This is not acceptable, especially in critical areas of health care. This is due to the reason that increasing the workload of nurses has adverse impacts on health care provision. These include increasing risk of spread of infection as nurses urgently try to complete tasks, increasing risk of error due to fatigue, increasing occupational injuries due to rush to complete tasks, increasing risk of error when filling incident reports and increasing turnover rate due to excessive work and few promotions. This would eventually reduce the overall quality of health care, which adversely affects the health of the population and workforce. This would in turn reduce productivity and economic growth and development in the UAE. In addition, inadequate staff may make patients lose confidence in the health care provision and seek alternative health options such as over the counter medication, herbal medicine and others. Some of these methods may further aggravate their illnesses. In order to solve this problem, the UAE government should increase its investment in health care. The current proportion of budget spent on health care in the UAE is approximately 9%. For a sector which has a huge impact on a countryà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s growth and development, UAE spends too little on health. It should increase this proportion to over 15% in order to cater for the needs of hiring new nurses and expanding health care infrastructure. The US, which is a larger economy, spent 17% of its GDP in 2009 on health care. More nurses should be hired to improve the nurse to patient ratio. In addition, more medical schools would be built to train more health care practitioners who would cater for the expanding health care needs. This will reduce the risks earlier discussed and improve the overall quality of health care in the UAE. Low skilled nurses Many nurses who work in the UAE are either under qualified or in possession of little experience, which affects their health care provision. This is caused by many factors and one of them is the shortage of nurses and the unfavorable nurse to patient ratio. Due to this shortage, cheap labor is sought from foreign countries such as Philippines and India. When this happens, it is difficult to fully ascertain the levels of skills held by these professionals, and most end up having low nursing skills. In addition, little or no professional training in nursing is given to such health care professionals. As a result, the few nurses present in the UAE do not possess the skills required to deal with the many health care needs of the population. This leads to provision of poor and low quality health care, which makes the population unhealthy. Nurses with poor professional skills are more prone to errors, which may even end up being fatal to patients. In order to deal with the problem of low skills among nurses, several interventions ought to be taken. The first is a review of skills and experience possessed by nurses who come from overseas to work in the UAE. Their academic qualifications and experience should be corroborated, and the quality of health care institutions they worked for assessed before they are employed in UAE hospitals. In order to develop superior nursing skills among UAE residents, the government ought to increase its budgetary allocation to the health care sector in order to build more nursing institutions which would develop more nurses (Oxford Business Group, 2008). The private sector and international partners should collaborate when building these nursing schools and training new nurses in order for improve the quality of skills possessed by nurses. According to City data website (2010), this strategy has already proved to be successful in Bangkok. Due to investment in training of nurses and use of technol ogy, the health care delivery has improved and this has translated into direct benefits to the population. The life expectancy has increased by over 10 years during the last three decades. Inadequate number of specialists This is a third problem which faces the UAE health care industry. There are a large number of general doctors but few specialists amongst the population. Most large hospitals have over 100 doctors but the number of specialists is usually less than 10. This limits the effectiveness of health care provision since many patients nowadays require specialized health care needs. The increase in chronic diseases such as cancer, heart problems and brain disorders has made it necessary to increase the number of specialists in these fields. In the current case, where there are few specialists, the specialist to patient ratio is very large. This may cause similar problems caused by overburdening nurses with responsibilities. In addition, it increases the costs of treating illnesses which require specialized care since the few specialists may charge high prices due to their high demand. The overall effect of having few specialists is increase in cost of health care, inability of the population to access specialized care and increase in errors made by specialists due to high work load. All these factors undermine the UAE health care provision industry. In order to solve this problem, training of specialists is required, so that they may offer their services to patients who require them. The government should collaborate with international partners and the private sector to build more schools where health care specialists are trained. These medical schools should be well equipped in order to ensure that specialists have the expertise and knowledge needed to perform their duties effectively (Crichton, 2000). Since the cost of training health care specialists is high, the government should subsidize the costs of pursuing education on certain areas of health care. The population should be encouraged to pursue knowledge on certain areas which have very few specialists such as neurology. Incentives which should be given to health care practitioners There are various incentives which should be given to doctors and nurses in order to increase their motivation levels. These incentives enable them to be well motivated and to increase their output as far as caring for patients is concerned. These incentives will be discussed below; Better remuneration There have been complaints from many health care practitioners in the UAE that the salaries and benefits they receive are not commensurate to the efforts they put in their assignments. As is common in many countries, many government health practitioners have complained that professionals working in private practice are earning significantly higher salaries and benefits than them. This lowers their morale and productivity since according to the expectancy theory by Vroom, employees only work harder when they are sure that their expectations regarding remuneration and other needs, will be realized (Beach, 2007). This can be seen by the large number of health care specialists who are moving to the US and Europe to offer their services to these countries. In order to increase their motivation levels, their salaries and benefits should be increased and matched to those of specialists in private practice. This will ensure that health care professionals are motivated and they will increase the quality of services they give. Better working environments In order for doctors and nurses to be able to work effectively, they should be provided with the latest equipment, drugs and training. This enables them to provide high quality health care to the population. The government should ensure that all hospitals have enough staff in order to improve the nurse to patient ratio. There should also be enough specialists and equipment and drugs used by patients. In any organization, organizational culture plays a role in motivating employees (Murray, 2005). The organizational culture should be therefore conducive for employees, since this will motivate them into increasing their output. The management should ensure that employees are involved in decision making, are given independence when working and that they are encouraged to work as a team. There should be an uninterrupted flow of information between the lower level employees and the management. The management should use the democratic leadership style since this is the most effective in ach ieving employee motivation (Bratton, et. al., 2004). This style involves employees in making decisions which affect their duties. Finally, there should be conflict resolution mechanisms which will avoid workplace conflicts. This will ensure that the quality of service provision improves. Incentive for patients It has been discussed that due to the challenges which the health care sector in the UAE faces, many patients are beginning to lose confidence in the health care system. It is therefore necessary to provide certain incentives which will restore confidence in the health acre system. One way of doing this is improving the patient to nurse ratio. This has been discussed in detail above when dealing with challenges in the UAE health care industry. Increasing the number of nurses will ensure that patients receive better quality of health acre and this will restore their faith in the system. Another incentive is the increase in quality of skills possessed by nurses. This will enable nurses to provide better services to patients, and this can be achieved through re-training them and vetting them before they are employed. Finally, patients should be provided with score cards which reveal their satisfaction with service provision in hospitals. This measure will enable hospitals to acquire fee dback from their patients and they will be able to improve upon areas which they are considered to be weak (Carver Scheier, 2001). It has proven to be successful in many hospitals in Thailand and it is bound to be similarly successful in the UAE. This measure will increase the quality of health care provided. Summary and conclusion There are various aspects of the UAE health care system which have been discussed in the paper. UAE has been seen to have challenges such as few number of specialists, low nurse to patient ratio, lower remuneration of health care stakeholders and poor skills by nurses. These effects have been discussed to lower the motivation of employees and as a result, they are likely to make errors or perform poor quality assignments. This in turn makes patient lose confidence in local health care provision and some seek health care services overseas. Some health care professionals also look for employment overseas as a result. When this happens, the UAE government loses tax revenue. It also ends up paying for patientsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ overseas treatment which leads to economic losses such as lost opportunity costs of payment from patients to health practitioners, loss of tax revenue by the government and direct expenses paid for the medical cost. In order to solve these problems which are affecting the UAE healthcare service provision, several steps should be taken by the UAE government in collaboration with the private sector and international partners. The first involves better remuneration of employees in the health care industry. The stakeholders in the health care industry should set new remuneration which matches that from the private practice. The second step involves building of medical schools and paying for educational needs of students to enable them pursue various medical fields. This will increase the skills and number of health car professionals, which is a major challenge in UAE. The third intervention is screening all health care professionals from foreign countries before they begin working in the UAE in order to ensure that they have adequate skills. Although these interventions are important in improving the overall quality of healthcare provision in the UAE, it is similarly useful to provide incentives to stakeholders in the health care sector in order to improve service provision. Health care employees should receive higher remuneration in order to increase motivation. Their work environment should also be conducive and the organizational culture should feature teamwork, independence, communication, conflict resolution and other important factors (Mugisho, 2007). Patients on the other hand can be motivated through improving the skills and increasing number of nurses and specialists since this will encourage them to have faith in the health care system. Feedback should be sourced through score cards, where patients rate service provided to them. This will enable the management improve the weaknesses of the processes. These interventions will encourage patients to seek local health services and this will increase government inco me and tax revenue thereby leading to higher economic growth and development.